List of Dragon/Dinosaur Fabrications Taken From Paul Taylor's book The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible and Its Rebuttals To Them
From EvoWiki
Using dragon lore as evidence of dinosaurs living with man is not evidence at all. Dragon stories prove nothing of what YECs claim and it is very bad science to use legends, myths, and fairy tales as an attempt to prove anything like what Paul tries to prove here. In his book, there are dragon stories he thinks proved that what men actually saw in the stories were all dinosaurs, but these are all nothing more than direct fabricated versions of the myths, legends, and fairy tales told long ago by the ancients.
Here are the fabricated stories that are shown in Paul Taylor's book The Great Dinosaur Mystery and the Bible along with their refutations of them.
Story #1 (page 37)
Main article: See Story 1 of Paul Taylor's Dragon Claims
Story #2 (page 39)
Main Article: See Story 2 of Paul Taylor's Dragon Claims
Story #3 (page 40)
Claim: The city of Nerluc in France was renamed in honor of the killing of a "dragon" there. This animal was bigger than an ox and had long, sharp, pointed horns on its head. There were a number of different horned dinosaurs. The Triceratops (try-SER-ah-tops) is one example.
Rebuttal: The claim is a direct fabrication of the story of a fearsome monster named Tarrasque. The dragon of Nerluc that the people killed in the story was a female monster who was the child of the legendary serpent, Leviathan, and the Onachus, a hideous, buffalo-like she-monster that burned everything (apparently except for Leviathan and the Tarrasque) that it touched. The monster whose description and her demise clearly states that she was NOT a Triceratops dinosaur. Tarasque is described to be a 6 legged sea monster with a turtle like shell, face like an old man, tail of a scorpion, a fiery breath, and the ability to shed her skin once every 7 years. The monster is killed when St. Martha, who was spreading the Christian faith around the land, tamed the dragon with some holy water and lead the dragon to the town of Nurluc where the people ganged up on the dragon and killed her out of vengeance. Later on, feeling sorry over what happened after St. Martha rebuked them for this deed, the people, who have converted themselves to Christanity because of her, have decided to rename their town, Tarascon, after the monster whom St. Martha has tamed.
Triceratops was a three-horned dinosaur that lived only in North America 65 million years ago and nowhere else.
Story #4 (page 41a)
Claim: A well-known, old science book, the Historia Animalium, claims that "dragons" were not extinct in the 1500's. But the animals were said to be extremely rare and relatively small by then.
Rebuttal: The dragons found in this so-called science book never looked like dinosaurs at all as you can see here and here. Historia Animalium (The History of Animals) is a 4 volume set written and published by Conrad Gessner (1516-1565), which all that it describes in it is winged dragons and how they are compared to flying snakes (Besides, the dragons illustrated in the book never looked like dinosaurs at all.). It also describes unicorns, basilisk, griffins, sea serpents, and other fantasy creatures which YECs never bother to mentioned. Using old, outdated medieval literature is highly inconsistent, worthless, and proves nothing when it comes to studying dinosaurs and science.
Story #5 (page 41b)
Claim: A scientist named Ulysses Aldrovandus carefully described a small "dragon" seen along a farm road in northern Italy. The date was May 13, 1572. The poor, rare creature was so little that the farmer killed it just by knocking it on the head with his walking stick. The animal had done nothing wrong but hiss at the farmer's oxen as they approached it on the road. The scientist obtained the dead body and made measurements and a drawing. He even had the animal mounted for a museum. It had a long neck, a very long tail and a fat body. The skeletons of a number of ancient reptile-like creatures have similarities to this basic description.
Rebuttal: This is a hoax. The image drawn by the scientist is found in an old outdated book that now is available in PDF form that's called Mythical Monsters by Charles Gould B.A. (see link here.) that gives out references to this account and shows the image of a dragon drawn by Aldrovandus that looked absolutely nothing at all like Tanystropheus (Taylor even got the supposed Tanystropheus image wrong as shown in his book! A real prime example of YECs taking ancient images of dragons and distort them to fit their beliefs.). Unlike this Triassic reptile, the dragon in the picture looked more like a drake or a fat lindorm than the Archosaur. The dragon in the picture had a neck and head that resembles a snake, a curling tail, a pair of bat wings, a big fat belly, and only 2 short legs. Tanystropheus had a 10 foot long stiffen neck, 4 legs, a skinny body, and a tail that snaps off when attacked by a predator like a modern lizard of today. This lizard is ill equipped for both water life or land life. Yet, scientists are still trying to learn as much as they can about this special Triassic archosaur. This archosaur probably spends its time on the ocean shores feeding on fish, ammonites, and other forms of sea life.
Story #6 (page 42)
Main article: See Story 6 of Paul Taylor's Dragon Claims
Story #7 (page 43)
Claim: An Irish writer recorded an encounter with a large beast with "iron" on its tail which pointed backwards. Its head was shaped a little like a horse's. And it had thick legs with strong claws. These details match features of dinosaurs like the Kentrosaurus (KEN-tro-SOR-us) and Stegosaurus (STEG-oh-SOR-us). They had sharp-pointed spines on their tails, thick legs, strong claws and long skulls.
Rebuttal: Paul deliberetly ignores the fact that The Irish or Celtic dragons, which are in forms of winged serpents, usually have no legs. Otherwise, The writer in the claim may have sighted Lindworms or Lindorms, which are a kind of wyrm dragons with only 2 legs and a snaky body that are highly similar to Wyverns, winged dragons with only 2 legs, bat or bird-like wings with grasping claws at the ends of them sometimes, and stingers on their tails. They are often seen in the Coat of Arms in Europe and is the symbol of strength in heraldry (Resource here. Note: scroll dwon to Wyvern.). Taylor falsely concludes that the description closely matches that of Stegosaurus and Kentrosaurus. But these Dinosaurs don't have iron spikes, strong claws on their toes, and thick feet. Instead, they have BONY spikes on their tail, blunt toes on their feet, and hind legs that are much longer than their front legs. And these dinosaurs lived in Africa and North America 150 million years ago during the Jurassic period. The dragons of Ireland are said to all resemble wyrms in which in a few cases did have legs while all the rest don't and water snakes that once inhabit Ireland until St. Patrick drove them all out of the land accept one that was eventually driven out by another Christian Saint. Another case of downright fabrication made up to deceive the gullible into believeing in the young earthers and their lies.
Story #8 (Page 44)
Claim: The respected Greek explorer Herodotus described small flying reptiles in ancient Egypt and Arabia. These animals sound amazingly like the small Ramphorhynchus (RAM-foe-RING-kus). They had the same snake-like body and bat-like wings. Many had been killed near the city of Buto (Arabia). He was shown a canyon with many piles of their back-bones and ribs. Herodotus said that these animals could sometimes be found in the spice groves. They were "small in size and of various colors." Large numbers would sometimes gather in the frankincense trees. When workers wanted to gather the trees' valuable juices, they would use smelly smoke to drive the flying reptiles away. The well-respected Greek, Aristotle, said that in his time it was common knowledge that creatures like this also existed in Ethiopia. Similar animals (three feet long) were also described in India by the geographer Strabo.
Rebuttal: The “flying serpents” these 3 men saw were NOT Pterosaurs, but flying tree snakes, like the Paradise Tree Snake, or flying lizards, like Draco volans. Pterosaurs DO NOT have long, serpentine bodies. Not even Rhamphorynchus have bodies like snakes either. They have gorilla shaped bodies instead completely covered with hair. Taylor also has left out the fact that Herodotus mistakenly confused details of growing black pepper, which, at the time, grew only on the islands of what are now Sumatra and Java, and are the homes of flying snakes and lizards, with the frankincense trees, which only grow in Arabia.
The winged serpents as told in mythology and folklore are all shown to be snakes with wings of a bird. For example, in Egyptian mythology, there is a goddess by the name of Uadjet (aka Wadjyt, Wadjit, Uto, Udjo, Uatchet, Edjo, Buto), who serves as the guardian of pharoah always ready to strike and kill his enemies who tries to hurt the ruler. She is sometimes portrayed as a cobra with bird wings and a crest on her head and is most often seen adorning the foreheads of the headresses of Pharoah. You can bet that this winged cobra is not a pterosaur.
Paul also refrains from telling the reader how Herodotus explained how the flying snakes reproduce. The female grabs the male by the neck with her mouth; making the male mate with her before the male dies. Eventually the female dies too, when her offspring devours their mothers' insides just to come out of her.
No Pterosaur has ever done this: in fact, no vertebrate known produces young which devour their mother from the insides out. Pterosaurs are all egg layers. Plus, the ribs and backbones found on the shores of the Nile most likely have came from the carcass of some dead snake. Another explanation is that what Herodotus saw is actually either fossils of Spinosaurids or bones of mammals that have been washed ashore out of the rocks every rainy season. So, no live Pterosaurs existed during Herodotus' day.
Nor were they around during Aristotle's day either. The flying serpents of Ethiopia, supposedly seen by Aristotle, are described to have no feet. Something Taylor and others like him have never bothered to mention. Pterosaurs do have feet unlike the serpents in the account. And like Herodotus, Aristotle mistakenly placed placed flying snakes in Ethopia, as opposed to Southeast Asia, where they are native to. Especially in Arabia and in India, where Strabo the Geographer also actually saw while exploring the country of India about 2,000 years ago. These accounts are all taken from the Mythical Monsters book as well.
Story #9 ( May have been seen on the newer version of GDM and on the GDM website)
Claim: Flying reptiles were also reported in Europe in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.1 And an authority reported sighting a flying reptile near Mt. Pilatus, in Switzerland, as late as 1649.2 The folklore of the Sioux Indian tribe also tells the story of a flying reptile, named the "Thunderbird", that was seen falling from the sky after being struck by lightning. It has appeared in Indian tales ever since.
Rebuttal: The Native American Thunderbird myth may have been derived not from live pterosaur sightings, but pterosaur fossils and condor sightings. According to a Native American legend, 2 braves natives were out hunting when they come across a huge storm. Suddenly a large bolt of lightening strucked. They believe to have seen an object in shape of a bird falling down to the ground. After traveling for days, they came across bony remains of what they believed to be a large monsterous bird that fell to the ground so hard that it embedded itself in the ground with sharp claws on its huge wings and feet and a sharp beak. What they saw was actually fossil remains of a Pteranodon. Along side of the remains, the braves also found what they believed to be "thunderstones." Thunderstones that are actually fossilized seashells that were found along side of the pterosaur fossil. No live pterosaurs here. This is one of the myths YEC fabricates to fit their beliefs. The results of the fabrication can be seen on AIG's so-called ministry cards, the ones they hand out to hapless people roaming about.
Ancient sightings of the endangered California condor along with prehistoric sightings of Teratornis, a massive bird of the Pleistocene epoch made by early man in the past may also have inspired the Thunder bird folklore as well. To this day certain Native American Tribes continues to worship this bird as a god, which their ancestors have done for many centuries. According to the legend, the Thunderbird is a large majestic bird that has eyes that flash out lightening, huge feathery wings that sounded like rolling thunder when it flapped, and its cry was like a crack of lighting. In many Indian folklore the Thunderbird have been known to fight against killer whales and water monsters. YECs falsely assumed that this is a pterosaur, but there is one problem. Pterosaurs lacked feathers! Instead they have a hairy body and bat-like wings that is skin membranes supported by one elongated 4th finger on each side. Thus, the YECs' view of the Thunderbird is nothing but a fabricated myth.
Story #10 (Page 45a)
Claim: There is some evidence that a few dinosaurs and great marine reptiles could still be alive, teetering on the edge of extinction. Scientists are still discovering unknown animals each year. Natives in a very remote jungle in Africa repeatedly told of seeing large animals a lot like the sauropod dinosaurs. The sauropods included the Apatosaurus, Brachiosaurus, Diplodocus and others like them. A group of natives claimed to have killed a small one in 1959. Scientists studied the reports and made trips into the deep jungle in hopes of finding a dinosaur still alive. None has been found so far.
Rebuttal: Mokele-Mbembe is the name of the creature that is described to be a swamp bound creature (which sauropods are not due to their narrow elephant like bodies and their elephantine feet that has no splayed toes on them.) with a large barrel shaped body, a long neck and tail, a small head with a spike on its snout and a frill on the back of its head (Something sauropods completely lack), and is between the size of an elephant and a hippo with 3 clawed feet on each leg (sauropods have actually 5 toes with 1 claw on the front feet and 2 to 3 claws on the back feet.). It had been known to hate hippos and would kill any hippo that gets in its way as well as natives on a boat by sweeping them off with its tail. It is also said that the natives saw the creature and, at one time, have manage to kill one of them, but died after they have eaten its flesh.
However, according to one of the natives, when asked about the creature, he said that there is no such creature. The creature is all from the imaginative minds of the natives. The creature does not exist. Looking for the creature will be a total waste of time because the creature will not be there for real. It is an imaginary creature just like the unicorn.
In another resource, there is another myth that tells of large monsters that resembles ceratopsians, like Chasmosaurus and Centrosaurus, also roaming around in the basin as well. They are called EMELA-NTOUKA, which are ceratopsian like creatures with an ivory horn on its nose, smooth skin, and a neck frill. But no ceratopsian ever had ivory horns. The horns of the ceratopsians are made entirely of BONE, not ivory. The frill of the creature is not like the frills of the ceratopsians. Ceratopsians have bony frills while the creature has a skin frill. Plus ceratopsians have rough scaly skins and in some cases a coat of porcupine like spines growing on their tails. And no ceratopsian remains has ever been found in Africa. If they and Mokele-Mbembe are still living in Africa, then we would have found traces of them along the Congo basin concerning their eggs, nesting grounds, feces, footprints, as well as fully intact bodies, valid observations and photographs, and their post-Mesozoic fossils. But none are found. Thus, the native is right! There is no such thing as those creatures. But that doesn't stop wishful thinkers like YECs from believing them.
Story #11 (Page 45b)
Claim: Great numbers of pterosaurs (TARE-oh-SORS) were killed in the Flood. These were sometimes large, but delicate, flying reptiles. Many of their fossils have been found. Are all the pterosaurs in the world dead today? Almost surely, but some people still hope. In Africa, a scientist once found evidence that a few might still be alive. Natives living in northern Zimbabwe described a strange flying animal which they called the "kongamato." It was not a bird but more like a reddish-colored lizard with bare, bat-like wings. The distance between its wing tips was four to seven feet. The scientist showed the natives pictures of various animals, both living and extinct. Each person interviewed said the Pterodactyl (TEH-ro-DAK-till) was most like the Kongamoto. These animals are supposed to live mainly in a huge, dense area called the Jiunda Swamp. Researchers have heard of animals like this in other places, too.
Rebuttal: The so-called pterosaur in modern day Zimbabwe could possibly be a direct misidentification of giant fruit bats. Especially the hammer-headed fruit bat, the largest fruit bat in all of Africa. If you ask the natives of that area if they actually have seen living pterosaurs in that area, they'll will say no. But they do see giant bats flying about especially the hammer-headed fruit bat. Pterosaurs have died out at the same time as the dinosaurs, 65 million years ago. None of them were killed in the Flood. Plus the so-called pterosaurs in the stories have smooth bodies and 4 long fingers that supported their sheet of skin while real pterosaurs in fact have only one long finger supporting their wings and hairy bodies. Just like I said, if Kongamoto is really a pterosaur then we would see any traces of their bones, eggs, fully intact bodies, droppings, recordings of their sounds and observations of them as well as valid photographs and sightings being made of them but none are found. One particular photograph was ruled as a hoax. No traces of their remains beingl found along side of man's remains in the post-Mesozoic strata. This claim is most likely nothing more than figments of a person's imagination greatly inspired by sightings of large unknown species of fruit bats as well as the hammer-headed fruit bat. There are other claims of alleged modern pterosaur sightings that are out there. But just like all the rest, these stories are nothing more than hoaxes, misidentifications, and gross exaggerations. Still the YECs constantly insist that the sightings of those so-called modern pterosaurs to be true and must be considered so despite evidence against it.
Fabrications of Medievel artifacts
One YEC website, known as rae.org, there is a YE charlatan who stupidly claims that there were alleged sightings of a live pterosaur called Scaphognathus, a Late Jurassic basal pterosaur (actual image here and actual skeletal drawing here), whom he believes to have survived into modern times just before the 17th century. The proofs made up on this page are not really proofs at all. Being willfully ignorant of the fact that pterosaurs, especially Scaphognathus, are only found within the Mesozoic strata and NOWHERE else, John Goertzen, who wrote the article, just took some old medieval artifacts, maps, stories, and hoaxes out of context, falsely brand the dragon images as the pterosaur, twisted them about to fit his narrow-minded beliefs, and just tell it like it is.
Ropen Hoax
Another claim of an alleged pterosaur sighting is made in Africa where a team of explorers lead by John Whittcomb which are all YECs that are sponsered by Carl E. Baugh, the YEC other YECs regard him as a kook yet just like Baugh they are kooks themselves, claim to have evidence of, which includes sightings of an alleged modren pterosaur that is known to the natives as the Ropen, an alleged modern pterosaur that lived in the forests of Papua New Guinea which is described as a rhamphorhynchid with, in some versions of the claim, Ptranodon-like features such as a crest and pelican-like pouch just as what they are claiming on their website. The website of this alleged sighting is located right here. However it is more likely nothing more than a publicity stunt and a hoax as well; an attempt to make a name for themselves as well as make money off of; to making up the Ropen hoax despite evidence of no pterosaurs remains being found above the Mesozoic strata.
Story #12 (Page 46)
Claim: Like fish, some of the great reptiles of the sea could have lived through the Flood without being taken in to the Ark. Noah was told to protect land-dwelling animals and birds, not fish and other creatures that could survive in the floodwaters. An ancient Hebrew legend says that the only animals to survive the Flood, besides those on the Ark, were "the giant og, the monster reem and the fishes." The word "og" means gigantic and long necked--a good description of the big plesiosaurs (PLEE-see-o-SORS).
Rebuttal: This is a direct fabrication of an old Hebrew Flood Legend, that is part of a 4 volume epic known as The Legends of The Jews, written and published by German Jewish Rabbi, Louis Ginzberg in 1909. As told here and here, The reem, said to be translated as a "wild ox", and the giant named Og, whose name only means "grand", who was really a giant human king that the Israelites slew in Numbers 21:32-35 years later after the flood, were both much too big to fit into the ark so Noah had to attach Reem to the ark with a strong rope so that the monster can swim and be fed to keep his strength up and the giant had to sit on the ark and hold on tight throughout the Flood after promising to be a slave to Noah and his descendents. Both has survived, Both are not plesiosaurs. YECs just fabricated, twisted, and distorted the story to fit in with their own version of it even though they know all too well that Flood Chapter in The Legends of the Jews tale greatly contradicts "The Letter of the Law (Genesis 1-11, YECs own 'Bible'.)” involving the fate of those outside the ark “that breathe through their nostrils” (Genesis 7:21-23).
Story #13
Claim: The Navy ship U.S.S. Stein tangled with such a creature on its way to track submarines near South America. When its sonar equipment suddenly stopped working, the captain headed the ship back for repairs at the Long Beach Naval Dockyard. When the tough underwater sonar dome was examined in dry dock the crew found a big surprise. The rubber covering that protects the dome was torn and battered with dozens of big gouges. Hundreds of sharp, hollow teeth (or claws) were broken off in the covering. Some were longer than a inch. It looked as if some sea creature had been attracted to the underwater sound of the sonar and tried to bite it and break it. Naval Oceans Center made a decision. The animal "must have been extremely large and of species still unknown to science."
Rebuttal: The only thing that would attack a submarine is a large shark since Plesiosaurs and other "sea monsters" have been long dead since the end of the Mesozoic era. And no creature like this shark could leave behind such a sloppy bite leaving teeth or claws behind. It has no claws at all. Only teeth. That story YECs made up is a direct fabrication of stories of nuclear submarines being attacked by sharks. Especially when it comes to submarines being attacked by a cookie cutter shark. The cookie cutter shark is a very small shark that is known to attack big fish and other big objects that move underwater, including submarines.
Story #14
Speaking of sharks, In the older version of Paul's book also on page 46, there was a story about a Japanese fishing boat that caught a dead decaying body of a basking shark. Like some YECs, Paul grossly mistakens the carcass as a Plesiosaur. This claim, although it has been vigorously defended for over 20 years, is now being abandoned by some YECs. Other YECs, however, are still defending the pseudo-plesiosaur claim. Nevertheless, I wish all of them would come to their senses about all of their YEC claims and abandon them too. Especially the claims about dinosaurs living with man thousands of years ago and other preposterous claims.
(The newer version of GDM probably don't have that claim anymore, but then again...it might still have that myth.)
Story #15 (Page 48)
Claim: The "leviathan" the Bible talks about in Job 41 is described as the greatest creature in the sea. Unlike a crocodile or fish, it was useless to try to catch a leviathan with hooks, harpoons or anything else. "Nothing on earth is his equal--a creature without fear" (Job 41:33, NIV). What was a leviathan? The large size, strong jaws, great teeth, fast swimming ability and its protected back and underside all give clues. It could have been a Kronosaurus (KRON-oh-SOR-us) or something like it. This was one of the greatest, most overwhelming animals ever to swim the seas. It was not a true dinosaur, but it was reptile-like and had great, sharp teeth. It seems these animals were still alive at the time of King David. Psalm 104 says they played where the ships go to and fro. This was probably the Mediterranean Sea.
Rebuttal: Leviathan comes from the Hebrew word meaning, "twisted" or "one who coils". Kronosaurus and Mosasaurus never had a snake-like body at all. Paul never mentioned that the creature has armor all over his body, which no Mesozoic marine reptile has. He is ignorant of the fact that the creature has 7 heads according to one passage in Psalm 74:14 and also in Job 41 there is a passage about the creature being a fire breather, which Duane Gish has often said to mean that Leviathan is a fire-breathing dinosaur. False. No dinosaur ever breathed fire. Not even Parasaurolophus. This passage instead could probably be a metaphor for crocodile breath. Have you ever smell a breath of a crocodile? If you did, it would not be a very unpleasant scent. Still, You don't want to go near its mouth to smell its breath or you may be on the croc's menu before you know it. Kronosaurus and Mosasaurus never breathe fire either. Kronosaurus lived 150 million years ago during the late Jurassic period and Mosasaurus lived 70 million years ago during the late Cretaceous Period, so no man has ever saw them both alive. The passage in Job 41 most likely refers to the crocodile; the Nile crocodile which is a powerful creature whose not afraid to confront humans who dared to cross into its watery domain.
The claim about David sighting Kronosaurs is nothing but a direct misinterpretation of Psalms 104:26, where it says, "ships sail where Leviathan frolics".... Kronosaurus actually had been long extinct for millions of years and no one has ever seen them alive. So the passage may have been most likely translates to as "whales", not dinosaurs or Kronosaurs.
Story #16 (Page 49)
Claim: It is interesting that many reports of "sea serpents" closely match the ancient pliosaurs and mosasaurs. They looked somewhat like huge lizards or crocodiles with flippers or webbed feet. Fossils show their backbones were very flexible. They could probably swim in a snake-like motion. A creature very much like these was reported during World War I by a German submarine. Captain Georg von Forstner described what happened: "On July 30, 1915, our U28 torpedoed the British steamer Iberian carrying a rich cargo in the North Atlantic. The steamer sank quickly, the bow sticking almost vertically into the air. When it had gone for about twenty-five seconds there was a violent explosion. A little later pieces of wreckage, and among them a gigantic sea animal (writhing and struggling wildly), was shot out of the water to a height of 60 to 100-feet. At that moment I had with me in the conning tower my officers of the watch, the chief engineer, the navigator, and the helmsman. Simultaneously we all drew one another's attention to this wonder of the seas...we were unable to identify it. We did not have time to take a photograph, for the animal sank out of sight after ten or fifteen seconds. It was about 60-feet long, was like a crocodile in shape and had four limbs with powerful webbed feet and a long tail tapering to a point."
Rebuttal: The limbs of Kronosaurus and mosasaurs are flipper-like and bear absolutely no resemblance to frog's legs. They don't swim in a snake-like motion either. Kronosaurus, like other pliosaurs and plesiosaurs, swam in a unique "double-paddle" motion, while mosasaurs paddled with their flippers, using their tails to give themselves an added thrust when hunting. The tail tapering to a point may have been one of the squid's tentacles. Both Mosasaurs and Pliosaurs have only flippers and used them to propel them through the water like sea turtles or crocodiles. If they were still alive today, then they will be easily sighted because Pliosaurs and Mosasaurs are all air breathers and have lungs and from time to time they must come up to the surface of the water to breathe air. But they are all extinct! They've been extinct for 65 million years long before humans swam and sailed across the sea. So, the animal that has been blasted out of the water was probably either a giant squid, an unknown species of shark, or a giant saltwater crocodile of unknown species. Either that or the story is nothing more than a fictitious story made up to gain publicity.
