History of Genetics
From EvoWiki
A timeline of important events in 'Genetics:
1856-1863: Gregor Mendel conducts experiments on gene segregation in pea plants.
1859: Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species outlining his theory of natural selection.
1866: Gregor Mendel publishes research paper outlining principles of heredity.
1868: Fredrich Miescher isolates "nuclein" (later known as DNA) from cell nuclei.
1875: O. Hertwig shows that the nucleus is required for cell division and fertilisation.
1882-1885: E. Strasburger & Walther Flemming show that nuclei contain chromosomes.
1900: Hugo de Vries, Carl Correns & Erich von Tschermak-Seysenegg independently confirm Mendel's principles of heredity.
1902: Archibald Garrod identifies first genetic disease.
1903: William E. Castle recognises relationship between allele and genotypic frequencies.
1905: William Bateson names science of heredity "Genetics".
1905: William Bateson & R. C. Punnett demonstrate gene linkage.
1908: Godfrey H. Hardy & Wilhelm Weinberg formulate Hardy-Weinberg principle, mathematically relating the frequencies of genotypes and alleles in randomly mating populations.
1908: Herman Nilsson-Ehle obtains experimental proof for multigene inheritance being the basis of continuous traits.
1909: W. Johannsen coins the word "gene".
1910: Edward M. East elucidates role of sexual reproduction in evolution.
1910: Thomas Hunt Morgan finds first sex-linked gene: a gene for white eye-colour in Drosophila melanogaster.
1911: Thomas Hunt Morgan proposes theory that gene linkage is caused by genes being on the same chromosome.
1913: Alfred Sturtevant devises principle for constructing genetic linkage map.
1916: Thomas Hunt Morgan proposes theory relating mutation and selection.
1922: Ronald A. Fisher publishes examination of the evolutionary consequences of Mendelian inheritance.
1924-1932: John B. S. Haldane publishes mathematical theory of selection.
1927: Herman J. Müller shows that x-rays can cause mutation.
1928: Fredrick Griffith discovers genetic transformation of a bacterium, names agent responsible the "transforming principle".
1930: Ronald A. Fisher publishes The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection.
1930s: Sewall Wright lays down theoretical foundation for genetic drift.
1931: Harriet Creighton & Barbara McClintock show that recombination in maize plants is due to a physical exchange of homologous chromosomes.
1931: Curt Stern shows recombination in Drosophila is due to an exchange of chromosomes.
1941: George Beadle & Edward Tatum proposes the one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.
1944: Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod & Maclyn McCarty show that Griffith's 1928 transforming principle is DNA.
1946: Joshua Lederberg & Edward Tatun discover conjugation in bacteria.
1950: Barbara McClintock publishes evidence of movable genes called transposable elements.
1952: Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase show that genetic material of bacteriophage T2 is DNA.
1953: James Watson & Francis Crick propose doubal helical structure of DNA
1957: Helnz Fraenken-Conrat & B. Singer show genetic material of tobacco mosaic virus is RNA.
1958: Matthew Meselson & Franklin Stahl prove semi-conservative model for DNA replication.
1959: Severo Ochoa discovers first RNA polymerase.
1961: Sidney Brenner, François Jacob & Matthew Meselson discover messenger RNA.
1961: François Jacob & Jacques Monod put forward operon model for regulation of gene expression in bacteria.
1965: Robert Holley obtains first tRNA nucleotide sequence.
1966: Marchall Nirenberg & H. Gobind Khorana work out complete genetic code.
1972: Paul Berg constructs recombinant DNA molecule.
1973: Herb Boyer & Stanley Cohen use plasmid to code DNA.
1975: Edward M Southern develops method for transferring DNA fragments separated in a gel to a filter, providing a technique for identifying clones of genes.
1977: Walter Gilbert & Frederick Sanger devise methods for sequencing DNA.
1977: Phillip Sharp et al discover introns in eukaryotic DNA.
1977: Frederick Sanger obtains complete nucleotide sequence of bacteriophage øX174.
1983: Thomas Cech & Sidney Altman discover self-splicing of RNA at introns.
1986: Kary Mullis et al develop polymerase chain reaction.
1989: L. C. Tsul, John Riordan & Francis Collin identify and clone the gene responsible for cystic fibrosis.
1990: James Watson et al launch the Human Genome Project, planing to sequence the DNA of genetically important organisms, including humans.
1993: The Huntington's Disease Collaborative Research Group discover genetic basis for the disease.
1994: M. Skolnick et al discover some genetic basis for breast cancer and clone gene BRCA1.
1996: Genome Project publishes DNA sequence of first eukaryote: Saccharomyces cerevisiae; complete sequence of archaeon Methanococcus jannaschii confirming that archaea are third major branch of life distinct from eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
1996: Gene therapy trials approved in the USA.
1997: The Roslin Institute produce first cloned mammal, Dolly the sheep.
1997: Genome Project publishes DNA sequence of Escherichia coli.
1998: Genome Project publishes DNA sequence of Caenorhabditis elegans.
1999: Genome Project announce completion of sequencing of human chromosome 22.
2000: Genome Project' publishes DNA sequence of Drosophila melanogaster fruit-fly.
2001: Genome Project announce "working draft" of human DNA sequence completed.
2003: Genome Project complete DNA sequncing of human DNA and begin investigating the functions of each codon.
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This page is part of the EvoWiki encyclopedia of genetics and molecular biology. Topics: Genetics - Transmission genetics - Molecular genetics - Population genetics - Quantitative genetics - Molecular biology - Genomics |
